When Do Schools in Puerto Rico Start Up Again

Overseen by the Department of Education of Puerto Rico and the Puerto Rico Instruction Council

Education in Puerto Rico
Section of Education Council on Higher Education
National pedagogy upkeep
Budget	$iii.5 billion US$
General details
Primary languages	Spanish, English
System type	state, private
Literacy
Male	96.9%
Female person	90.three
Enrollment
Total	unknown
Principal	278,884
Secondary	309,420
Post secondary	283,550
Attainment
Secondary diploma	60%
Post-secondary diploma	18.3%

Education in Puerto Rico is overseen past the Department of Education of Puerto Rico and the Puerto Rico Education Council. The Section oversees all uncomplicated and secondary public didactics while the Council oversees all academic standards and issues licenses to educational institutions wishing to operate or establish themselves in Puerto Rico.^[one]

Pedagogy in Puerto Rico is compulsory between the ages of five and 18, which comprises the elementary and high schoolhouse grades. Students may nourish either public or private schools. Equally of 2013, the island had 1,460 public schools and 764 individual schools; in that location were 606,515 Thousand–12 students, 64,335 vocational students, and 250,011 university students.^[2] In 2021, the average public schoolhouse size was 355 students.^[3] Because of damage caused by Hurricane Maria in 2017, a shrinking population, deteriorating infrastructure, and the Puerto Rican authorities-debt crisis, 283 schools were closed in Puerto Rico past 2018.^[iv] ^[5]

The literacy rate of the Puerto Rican population is 93%; when divided by gender, this is distributed as 92.8% for males and 93.8% for females.^[6] ^{[ failed verification ]} According to the 2000 Census, 60.0% of the population attained a high school degree or higher level of education, and 18.three% has a bachelor's degree or higher.^[7]

History [edit]

Students at Belen Blanco De Zequeira in Loíza, Puerto Rico

The offset school in Puerto Rico was the Escuela de Gramática (English: Grammer School). The school was established past Bishop Alonso Manso in 1513, in the surface area where the Cathedral of San Juan was to be constructed. The schoolhouse was free of charge and the courses taught were art, history, Latin language, literature, philosophy, science and theology.^[viii]

The concept of public schoolhouse wasn't used on the island until 1739; an official education system was created in 1865. At the fourth dimension, attendance was compulsory until age ix. Public Education was organized into 500 centers by 1897.

The Foraker act of 1900 established the commissioner of pedagogy in Puerto Rico and created the section of public education. The commissioner of education was appointed by William McKinley, President of the Usa. The first commissioner 1900 – 1902 was Martin Grove Brumbaugh, who was the first professor pedagogy at the University of Pennsylvania, and was president of Juniata Higher. He reorganized the public school system, encourage both pupils and teachers to go bilingual in Spanish and English, and congenital a normal school for training teachers. Brumbaugh'due south education policies promoted Americanization, which followed the policies of Puerto Rico'southward two political parties, which both were committed to turning Puerto Rico into an American state. Samuel McCune Lindsay, appointed past the Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United states of america served as Pedagogy Commissioner 1902 – 1904 continued the policy preparing Puerto Rico for American statehood.^[9] Laws passed in 1899 required education in Puerto Rico to consist of a public system for ages six to 18, to limit the educatee/teacher ratio to l:1, and to be coed. The 1900 Department of Public Instruction became the Department of Education in 1989.^[10]

Julian Go argues that the master goals of American policy were:

Under American command, Puerto Ricans and Filipinos would vote in free elections, take up function, help devise legislation, and administer the colony'south daily affairs-first in local (municipal) governments and later in national legislative assemblies. The native officials would be given more and more autonomy as they moved through this system, slowly learning their and then-called "object lessons" in American-styled governance. Local governments would be granted more duties and functions, the legislative assemblies would be allowed to devise laws "with less and less aid," and in full general American command would be slowly loosened. The underlying principle of political educational activity was thus: "Free self-government in ever-increasing mensurate."^[11]

According to Get, in bodily practice there was less and less local autonomy and more and more centralized control of education. The problem was that rich local elites based in the Federal Party had taken local control, and were not prepared to innovate local democracy against their personal interests. Go argues that the local elites were corrupt and used the system for their own personal benefit, including pocketing a piece of the local regime upkeep.^[12]

The commissioner of education led efforts to introduce American culture in grooming for a democratic society that would exist admitted as an equal land to the union.^[13] English-language educational activity was ascendant until 1939, when Spanish was made the official linguistic communication of didactics.^[xiv] English is currently taught every bit a 2nd language beginning from first grade and continuing straight through senior year of high schoolhouse.^{[ commendation needed ]} ^{[ dubious – discuss ]}

Following American principles of separation of church and land, public school education became independent of religious instruction. The teaching of United states of america history, replacing Puerto Rican historical figures with American ones, reciting the Pledge of Allegiance, and the jubilant American holidays were means to Americanize students on the island.^[fifteen] Americanization was meant to uplift the locals. The United States founded schools and trained both US and Puerto Rican teachers in education. Puerto Rican teachers were sent to the U.s.a. to receive grooming. In the island, United states teachers would train Puerto Rican teachers. By 1913, the U.s.a. government had invested 14 one thousand thousand dollars on public education in the island and one,050 schools had been congenital in rural areas.^[13]

Protestants from the mainland arrived to build a non-Cosmic educational infrastructure. Presbyterians were highly agile and founded many chief and secondary schools. Presbyterian missionaries all spoke Spanish and were committed to supporting the local Hispanic cultural heritage.^[xvi]

Despite the say-so of Protestant and secular public educational activity, Catholic schools besides expanded during the early twentieth century. During the colonial era, at that place had been simply 3 Catholic schools, but past 1917, there were twenty-seven. Another twenty-five had been founded by 1940.^[17]

Levels [edit]

The educational system in Puerto Rico consists of seven categories.^[18] These categories are based on the educational levels covered:

No.	Level	Age	Ordinarily known as	Compulsion	Remarks
1	nursery school	0–4	pre-K	optional	comprises Early Head Start, Head Start, and pre-kindergarten
ii	preschool	5	K	compulsory	comprises kindergarten
3	unproblematic education	6–xi	1–six	compulsory	comprises outset class to sixth grade
4	junior high school	12–xiv	7–9	compulsory	comprises 7th grade to ninth course
five	high school	15–17	x–12	compulsory	comprises 10th grade to 12th grade
6	undergraduate	xviii+	college	optional	comprises associate and/or bachelor'southward degree
seven	graduate	22+	graduate school	optional	comprises master's degree, doctorate, and/or post-doctorate

Some Puerto Rican schools, most notably in rural areas, offer kinder to 9th grade (Grand–9) at the same institution and are referred to equally Segunda Unidad (English: Second Unit). Other schools offer seventh grade to twelfth form (7–12) at the same establishment and are referred to as Nivel Secundario (English: Secondary Level).

Elementary and secondary pedagogy [edit]

Public education [edit]

The Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico grants the right to an didactics to every denizen on the island. To this cease, public schools in Puerto Rico provide gratuitous and secular didactics at the elementary and secondary levels.

The public schoolhouse system is funded by the commonwealth and is operated by the Puerto Rico Department of Didactics (Departamento de Educación del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico) Inicio. The department employs over 45 thousand teachers of which 32,000 have full-time tenureships and are organized under several independent unions, including the Puerto Rico Teachers Association and the Teachers' Federation of Puerto Rico. The remaining teachers are either temporary or contracted on a yearly basis.

Preschool education, intendance, and services (including Early on Head Get-go and Head Start) are gratis for depression income families with private daycares existence common and inside walking distance in urban areas. Primary and secondary education is compulsory and free regardless of income through more ane,400 public schools. Ten public schools are considered prestigious locally. All of them being magnet schools, which graduate the highest scores on the island of the Higher Board's PEAU (Latin America'southward equivalent of the Sat). Two examples of these are CIMATEC and CROEM which focus on science, technology, and mathematics.

Public schools in Puerto Rico are subject to the federal laws of the U.s.. The NCLB, No Child Left Behind Act included Puerto Rico until president Obama approved a waiver on October 22, 2013.^[nineteen]

Education Department spokeswoman Yolanda Rosaly told The Associated Press on May v, 2017 that approximately 27,000 students will be moved, as a result of 184 public schoolhouse planned closings. The economical crisis in Puerto Rico drove the conclusion to shut the schools, which officials have said will save millions of dollars.^[twenty]

Governor Ricardo Rosselló proposed a radical instruction reform bill in Feb 2018. The reform bill hopes to give Puerto Rico'due south public school teachers the first raise in over 10 years; an idea that some observe skeptical.^[21] He signed the legislation in March to comprise a charter school voucher system after more than than 600 amendments were made during debate. Hurricane Maria acquired an exodus of more than 25,000 students; the single centralized school district is projected to lose 54,000 students past 2021. The voucher organisation is going to limit private schools to 3 percent of the educatee population; whereas the charter schools will receive x percent.^[22]

Language [edit]

Unlike well-nigh schools in the United States, public school teaching in Puerto Rico is conducted entirely in Spanish. English is taught as a 2nd linguistic communication and is a compulsory bailiwick at all levels. In the early years following the 1898 American occupation of the isle, the opposite was true: public schooling was entirely conducted in English language, and Castilian was treated as a special subject as sanctioned by the U.s. from 1903 to 1917 for grades 1 through four; only by 1934 were grades five through eight also existence taught in Spanish. Upon the date of Blanton Winship to be governor of Puerto Rico, English was reinstated as the educational language until 1941; over again, but utilizing English language in main schools.

Luis Muñoz Marín, the first popularly elected governor in 1948 appointed Mariano Villaronga Toro, Commissioner of Education on the isle, and with him, an firsthand switch back to using Spanish for pedagogy. By the 1970s, bilingual programs were introduced to 113 of the schools in Puerto Rico.^[23] In 2012, pro-statehood Governor Luis Fortuño caused controversy when he proposed that all courses in Puerto Rico public schools exist taught in English language instead of Spanish as they currently are.^[24]

Popular civilization [edit]

Bookish disciplines such equally ethnomusicology, sociology, and cultural studies accept helped legitimize scholarship on vernacular culture. For example. Afro-Puerto Rican bomba has been included.^[25]

Individual schools [edit]

Individual schools in Puerto Rico are operated by non-governmental institutions. While accredited unproblematic and secondary private schools in Puerto Rico must encounter minimum public education requirements for academic work, accreditation is optional. There aren't any current policies regarding nursing/wellness, technology, professional evolution, or reimbursement when performing state/local functions.^[26]

There are more than 700 private schools on the isle and over 8,000 teachers, virtually of them Catholic.^[2] It is constitutionally illegal to deny archway or take action confronting students that profess a difference religion than the school they attend or intend to attend. Students from differing denominations are legally freed from attending religious activities on the schools they attend. Prominent private schools include The Episcopal Cathedral School, Colegio Católico Notre Matriarch, Academia Bautista de Puerto Nuevo, Academia del Perpetuo Socorro, Academia Maria Reina, Academia San Jorge, Colegio Marista Guaynabo, Colegio San Ignacio de Loyola, and Colegio San José which maintain a loftier charge per unit of students beingness accustomed into prominent universities in the United States.

Homeschooling [edit]

Homeschooling, an alternative form of education, is legal in Puerto Rico only is neither regulated nor legislated.^[26] Yet, as of June 2017, Puerto Rico is the start among the US states and territories to declare homeschooling a fundamental right.

The issue of legislation has caused a serious rift within the homeschooling community. While some of these parents want the government to found a public policy on homeschooling, others oppose all forms of legislation. They also allege that the lack of regulation has led them to confront difficulties when interacting with the government, equally evidenced in the instance of a home schooled student who was denied federal Social Security benefits.

From the Applicable Law portion of the decision:

Pupil benefits are payable if the student meets the Federal standards for full-fourth dimension attendance (FTA) (RS 00205.300C.); the police force of the State in which the dwelling house schoolhouse is located recognizes home schoolhouse equally an educational institution (El); the home school the student attends meets the requirements of Country law in which the abode school is located; and the student meets all the other requirements for benefits.

Education is compulsory in Puerto Rico between the ages of six and seventeen years. 3L.P.R.A. §391 (a). Omnipresence in public elementary and secondary schools is compulsory for students except for those students attending "schools established nether non-governmental auspices." - Puerto Rico Constitution, Commodity 2 §5; xviii L.P.R.A. §2.

Later conscientious consideration of all the evidence, the undersigned Administrative Law Estimate concludes the claimant did not attend a sanctioned homeschool programme approved past the Puerto Rican legislature within the significant of the Social Security Human action from December 1, 2003 to August 1, 2004.

Higher education [edit]

Over one-half of the students entering higher level institutions in Puerto Rico, never graduate: 41% of four-year students in public universities and 33% in private institutions become a diploma.^[27] 8.90% of people in Puerto Rico earn an associate degree and six.30% of people go graduate or professional degrees.^[28]

Customs colleges and technical institutes [edit]

There are a number of technical school every bit well equally community college in the town, including the Huertas College,and Mech-Tech College in Caguas, the ICPR Junior College in Hato Rey and Manati, American Educational Higher in Bayamón and Manati), the Instituto de Banca y Comercio, and the National University Higher (NUC) in Arecibo, Bayamón, Caguas Ponce and Rio Grande. At that place is one state-run system, the Puerto Rico Technological Institute in San Juan, which possesses several programs at the local level and whose costs are significantly below market place prices. Likewise, this can be very opinionated depending on what people are pursuing.^[29]

Instituto de Banca y Comercio
Ponce Paramedical College

Colleges and universities [edit]

The three major university systems on the island are the University of Puerto Rico with eleven campuses, the Ana G. Méndez Academy System (SUAGM) with iii major campuses and some satellites, and the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico (Inter) with ix campuses and two specialized schools.

The University of Puerto Rico performs the following"^{[ citation needed ]}

Produces more than 80% of all post-secondary research on the island,^{[ citation needed ]}
Graduates the largest number of Hispanic engineers in the Us,
Graduates the largest number of chemical engineers in the United States,
Graduates the 2nd-largest number of female engineers in the United States,
Owns the largest number of patents past a university on the island,
Has the largest enrollment on the island and 1 of the largest in the United states of america,^{[ citation needed ]}
Has the largest faculty body on the isle and one of the largest in the United States,
Offers the largest number of academic programs on the island and ane of the largest in the United states of america,
Offers the largest number of doctoral programs on the island,
Has the largest number of campuses on the island,
Has the highest ratio of students from the island that enroll in graduate studies,
Confers the largest number of post-secondary degrees on the island,
Conducts almost all medical research on the island,
Is considered the best academy in all the Caribbean,
Its flagship campus has won 24 out of the 93 global cups of the Puerto Rico college athletics, and
Has graduated vi out of ten governors of Puerto Rico.

The system is a source of patronage. Its board of trustees, chancellor, rectors, deans, and program directors alter whenever a different political political party gains ability (about every four or eight years), as the university is a authorities-owned corporation. Its flagship campus is besides prone to pupil strikes, averaging about ane strike every iii years that halts the whole campus, with the system as a whole averaging about one strike every five years that halts the whole system. Nigh strikes derive from the academy management attempting to raise the cost per credit the establishment offers. This has been $55 per undergraduate credit and $117 per graduate credit. It is highly unlikely that a student graduates with college debt as a total Pell Grant covers well-nigh costs for low income students, and those that don't receive a total Pell Grant or a Pell Grant at all can hands embrace tuition costs. This economic accessibility comes at a price for the taxpayers of Puerto Rico: nine.half dozen% of the General Budget of the Government of Puerto Rico is automatically assigned to the academy by law. In 2008, when the economic system shrunk, then did the university'southward endowment. This resulted in problems for an already highly indebted university incapable of generating enough acquirement to maintain itself.^[thirty] Because of this, the lath of trustees increased tuition costs, which led to strikes. Other strikes were caused by the proposition of reducing the pct automatically assigned to the university.^{[ commendation needed ]} No bill has been filed for such purpose.

The Academy of Puerto Rico offers the largest bookish choices with 472 academic programs of which 32 can lead to a doctorate. UPR is also the but system with a concern school, an engineering school, a law school, a nursing school, a school of compages, and a school of medicine. Almost all its schools and programs rank first on the island although competition has increased in the final decades with private universities gaining track at a fast pace. The Ana G. Méndez System, the Interamerican University, and the Academy of the Sacred Eye possess a business school with the Academy of Sacred Heart leading in not-profit direction and social enterprise, as well as in communications. The Polytechnic Academy of Puerto Rico and the Turabo University both accept engineering schools with the Polytechnic University leading in computer security and offering the merely master's degree in informatics on the island. Ranking regarding law schools is subjective with the University of Puerto Rico School of Constabulary, the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico School of Law, and the Eugenio María de Hostos School of Police force considered the best although UPR still leads in ramble law. The University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine and the University of Puerto Rico School of Dental Medicine atomic number 82 in medicine and dentistry.^{[ citation needed ]}

The Interamerican University of Puerto Rico, School of Optometry is the just schoolhouse of optometry on the island. The Carlos Albizu University leads in psychology.^{[ citation needed ]} The Metropolitan University leads in environmental management,^{[ citation needed ]} The UPR leads in environmental science.^{[ citation needed ]}

In terms of arts, the Atlantic University Higher leads in digital arts. The Conservatory of Music of Puerto Rico and the Escuela de Artes Plásticas y Diseño de Puerto Rico are considered leaders in music and arts respectively.^{[ citation needed ]} The school of international relations was created in November 2013 under the name of Morales Carrión Diplomatic and Strange Relations School, ascribed to the Department of State of Puerto Rico and nevertheless in development.

Almost all junior colleges, colleges, universities, and schools are accredited by the Center States Association of Colleges and Schools. Specific programs tend to possess their respective accreditation as well (such as Abet, AACSB, LCME, and and then on) although it is non uncommon for programs to not possess its expected accreditation—for example, only 2 concern schools are accredited by AACSB.^{[ citation needed ]}

Academy	Public/Private	Locations
American Academy of Puerto Rico	Private	Bayamón, Manatí
Atlantic College of Puerto Rico	Private	Guaynabo
Caribbean University	Private	Bayamón, Carolina, Ponce, Vega Baja
Carlos Albizu University	Private	San Juan
Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Puerto Rico y el Caribe	Private	San Juan
Colegio Universitario de San Juan	Public	San Juan
Conservatorio de Música de Puerto Rico	Public	San Juan
Escuela de Artes Plásticas y Diseño de Puerto Rico	Public	San Juan
Facultad de Derecho Eugenio Maria de Hostos	Individual	Mayagüez
National Academy College	Individual	Arecibo, Bayamón, Caguas, Ponce, Rio Grande
Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico	Private	San Juan
Ponce Schoolhouse of Medicine	Individual	Ponce
Pontífica Universidad Católica de Puerto Rico	Private	Arecibo, Coamo, Mayaguez, Ponce
San Juan Bautista School of Medicine	Individual	Caguas
Seminario Evangélico de Puerto Rico	Private	Rio Piedras
Universidad Adventista de las Antillas	Private	Mayagüez
Universidad Primal de Bayamón	Individual	Bayamón
Universidad Central del Caribe	Private	Bayamón
Universidad de Puerto Rico	Public	Aguadilla, Arecibo, Bayamón, Carolina, Cayey, Humacao, Mayagüez, Ponce, San Juan, Utuado
Universidad del Este	Individual	Cabo Rojo, Carolina, Manatí, Santa Isabel, Utuado, Yauco
Universidad del Sagrado Corazón	Private	San Juan
Universidad del Turabo	Private	Gurabo
Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico	Individual	Aguadilla, Arecibo, Barranquitas, Bayamón, Fajardo, Guayama, Ponce, San Germán, San Juan
Universidad Metropolitana	Individual	Aguadilla, Bayamón, Jayuya, San Juan
University of Phoenix	Individual	Guaynabo

Run into List of colleges and universities in Puerto Rico

Conservatory of Music of Puerto Rico

The School of Plastic Arts of Puerto Rico

Pontifical Catholic Academy of Puerto Rico School of Police (PUCPR}, Ave. Las Americas, Bo. Canas Urbano, Ponce, Puerto Rico

Schoolhouse of Tropical Medicine (Puerto Rico)

Eye for Advanced Studies on Puerto Rico and the Caribbean area

National Academy College, PR-506, Bo. Coto Laurel, Ponce, Puerto Rico

[[File:Parroquia Sagrado Corazón de Jesús, Santurce.jpg|thumb|300px|[Interamerican University of Puerto Rico Parroquia Sagrado Corazón de Jesús church edifice became part of the Universidad Interamericana in 2016) is located in Santurce, Puerto Rico

[[File:Univ. Ana K. Méndez, Ave. Tito Castro (PR-fourteen), Bo. Machuelo Abajo, Ponce, Puerto Rico, mirando al sureste (DSC01406).jpg|thumb|300px|Univ. Ana G. Méndez, Ave. Tito Castro (PR-xiv), Bo. Machuelo Abajo, Ponce, Puerto Rico]]

Edificio Ponce Candy Industries, Bo. Sabanetas, Ponce, Puerto Rico

Carlos Albizu University (San Juan Campus), Old San Juan, Puerto Rico

]]

PUCPR Escuela de Arquitectura, C. Marina, Bo. Tercero, Ponce, Puerto Rico

Univ. Interamericana, campaign, Bo. Sabanetas, Ponce, Puerto Rico

Ponce Health Sciences Academy Enquiry building in Barrio Playa in Ponce, Puerto Rico

Academy of Puerto Rico

Adventist University of the Antilles

Contemporary issues [edit]

Dropout rate [edit]

A study showed that almost 19.10% of all students do not stop 9th grade.^[28]

Co-ordinate to the census, the loftier schoolhouse graduation rate was 73.nine% as of 2016. Some mainland US citizens question whether the median household income contributes; Puerto Rico's median household income is less than $20,000, with 43% of people in poverty.^[31]

Current educational issues [edit]

The authorities announced the closure of 283 schools and a new pilot plan for charter schools and vouchers.^[32] From 2010-2018 a full of 682 schools where closed of which but 17 where sold afterward.^[33] The school system has lost near 38,762 students since May 2017 due to endmost of schools.^[34] In addition, between August 2017 and January 2018 another 27,000 students volition be out of the school systems.^[32] Some of the schools don't accept running water or electricity.^[34] Education Secretary Julia Keleher has mentioned that they will salvage $150 one thousand thousand by endmost most of the schools. However, on March 29, 2018, Gov. Ricardo Rosselló signed a bill that will allow charter schools and voucher programs to be established. The governments are trying to cutting funding from educational activity in guild to restore the island after all the hurricanes that hit Puerto Rico.^[35] ^[36]

Teachers accept also lost their jobs. Based on United Federation of Teachers, information technology mentioned more than 2,600 teachers have received a letter saying they were excessed. Besides, no teacher has received a raise since 2008 and beginning teachers earn $i,750 a month, although the toll of living is 10 percent higher than on the US mainland.^[37]

Parents' participation [edit]

A January 2014 news report stated that 55 percent of parents with children in public schools picked up their children's grades for the first semester of 2013–2014 school yr on the scheduled day.^[38]

Poor performance in public schools [edit]

According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, 95% of public school students in Puerto Rico graduate at a sub-basic level while lx% exercise not even graduate.^[39] Furthermore, according to the Section of Education of Puerto Rico in 2012, 39% of public school students perform at a bones level (average performance) in Spanish in the Puerto Rican Tests of Academic Achievement.^[forty] Likewise, 36% perform at a basic level in Mathematics while 35% perform at a basic level in English and 43% at a basic level in Science in said tests.^[xl]

NAEP scores 2005

Moreover, studies published in 2003, 2005, and 2007 by the Us National Heart for Education Statistics every bit part of the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) concluded that Puerto Rico falls below basic levels when compared to the U.s.^[41] ^[42] ^[43] – beingness basic defined as "partial mastery of the cognition and skills that are fundamental for skillful work" according to NAEP. In item the findings showed that:

Overall, quaternary- and eighth-grade students in Puerto Rico scored lower, on boilerplate, than public school students in the continental United States.^[41]
12% of students in Puerto Rico scored at or in a higher place basic in fourth grade in comparison to the continental The states, where 79% of students scored at or in a higher place basic in the same form.^[41]
vi% of students in Puerto Rico scored at or above bones in eighth grade in comparison to the United States where 68% of students in the United States scored at or above basic in the same grade.^[41]

As a result of this, one,321 out of 1,466 public schools in Puerto Rico (about 90%) do not comply with the bookish progress requirements established past the No Child Left Behind Act.^[44]

In 2013, the Nation's Written report Card concluded that Puerto Rico falls below basic levels when compared to the United States.^[45] In particular the findings showed that:

Overall, fourth- and 8th-class students in Puerto Rico scored lower, on average, than public school students in the United States.^[45]
eleven% of students in Puerto Rico scored at or to a higher place basic in fourth grade in comparison to the continental United States, where 89% of students scored at or above basic in mathematics.^[45]
5% of students in Puerto Rico scored at or above basic in eighth class in comparison to the United States where 95% of students in the Usa scored at or higher up basic in Mathematics.^[45]

Likewise, the Nation'south Report Card reported an boilerplate of 309 students per school in P.R., where in United States at that place are 504 students per school.^[45]

In 2017, Puerto Rico once again ranked dead last in fourth-grade and eighth-grade math scores on the National Assessment of Educational Progress tests.^[32]

Market need for college graduates [edit]

Puerto Rico is atypical as many youngsters pursue post-secondary studies fifty-fifty though the local marketplace has no demand for them. For instance, in 2012 50,000 students graduated at the undergraduate and graduate level while the labor market generated almost 6,000 jobs per year of which 25% of those required that level of education.^[a] This effectively means that the Puerto Rican market has no demand for 97% of those who graduate with an undergraduate or graduate degree in Puerto Rico, although many discover jobs out of the island.

Notable Puerto Rico educators [edit]

Lolita Tizol
Alfredo Grand. Aguayo
Mariano Villaronga-Toro
María Teresa Babín
Elías López Sobá
Eugenio María de Hostos

Notes [edit]

^ Calderón (2013; in Spanish) "En 2012, se graduaron cerca de 50,000 estudiantes de nivel subgraduado y graduado y se proyectaba que el mercado laboral generara en promedio cerca de 6,000* empleos por año, de los cuales sólo el 25% requiere esos niveles de educación."^[2]

References [edit]

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^ ^a ^b ^c Calderón, Jaime (Oct 2013). "Panorama del sector educativo" (PDF) (in Spanish). Puerto Rico Pedagogy Quango. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 31, 2014. Retrieved January 11, 2014.
^ Estudio Revela Causas de Desercion Escolar. Es Noticia. Upshot 157. 19 November - 2 December 2021. p.xiv. Accessed 19 November 2021.
^ "New Puerto Rico school year begins later on Maria — with some big changes". NBC News.
^ Hoyos, Joshua; Mark, Osborne. "Puerto Rico schools receive $500 meg, merely 283 schools slated to shut". ABC News.
^ "CultureGrams Online Database: Subscriber Expanse Simply". online.culturegrams.com . Retrieved February xv, 2019.
^ "Census 2000 Educational Attainment Information" (PDF). census.gov . Retrieved February 15, 2019.
^ "Hispanic Firsts", By; Nicolas Kanellos, publisher Visible Ink Press; ISBN 0-7876-0519-0; p.40
^ J. A. Jernigan, "Civics education policy and Americanization in Puerto Rico , 1900–1904." American Educational History Journal 41.1-2 (2014): 93-111.
^ "Education Chronology - Teaching | EnciclopediaPR". enciclopediapr.org . Retrieved May 8, 2018.
^ Go, Julian. "Chains of Empire, Projects of State: Political Pedagogy and U.Southward. Colonial Rule in Puerto Rico..." Comparative Studies in Society & History, vol. 42.ii 2000, pp. 333-62, quoting p. 335doi:x.1017/S0010417500002498
^ Get, pp. 336, 340, 342
^ ^a ^b Moral, del & Moral, del. Negotiating Empire: The Cultural Politics of Schools in Puerto Rico, 1898–1952. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2013. Projection MUSE,
^ González Rivera, Melvin; Ortiz López, Luis A. (Leap 2018). "El Español y El Inglés En Puerto Rico: Una Polémica de Más de Un Siglo". Centro Journal. 30 (1): 106–131 – via EBSCOhost.
^ Venator-Santiago, Charles R.; Meléndez, Edgardo (Jump 2017). "U.Southward. Citzienship in Puerto Rico: One Hundred Years Later on the Jones Human action". Centro Periodical. 29 (1): 14–37 – via EBSCOhost.
^ Graeme Due south. Mount, "The Presbyterian Church in the USA and American Rule in Puerto Rico, 1898-1917." Journal of Presbyterian History 57.1 (1979): 51-64. online
^ Jarvinen, Lisa (February 2022). "The "School Question" in an Imperial Context: Education and Religion during the post-obit the Occupations of Republic of cuba and Puerto Rico". History of Education Quarterly. 62 (ane): 84–106. doi:x.1017/heq.2021.61. S2CID 246488910.
^ Online Guide to Educational Systems Around the World - Puerto Rico. Archived July 31, 2013, at the Wayback Machine NAFSA.Folio iv. Retrieved 28 Dec 2011.
^ http://www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/obama-administration-approves-nclb-flexibility-request-puerto-rico
^ "Puerto Rico Will Close 184 Public Schools Amid Astringent Economic Crisis". Fourth dimension. Archived from the original on May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
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